(a)
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People's freedom was undermined by colonisation, and nationalist emotions grew stronger as a result of the struggle against imperial dominance.
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People from all walks of life banded together in their feelings of oppression and exploitation, resulting in the rise of nationalist beliefs.
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As a result, anti-colonial movements are related to the rise of nationalism in the colonies.
(b)
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During World War I, the British army used coerced recruitment in India's rural districts.
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High customs tariffs and income taxes were levied to fund the defense budget. In addition, crops failed in several parts of India between 1918 and 1920, resulting in severe food shortages.
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All of this sparked widespread outrage and hostility to British colonial rule, propelling India's national movement on a new, more determined path.
(c)
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The Rowlatt Act allowed for the trial of some political crimes without juries and the imprisonment of suspects without charge.
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Despite opposition from Indian members, the Rowlatt Act was rushed through the Imperial Legislative Council.
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It provided the government with authoritarian powers to suppress political activities, as well as the ability to hold political detainees for two years without charge or trial.
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This conduct offended Indians because it was undemocratic and harsh, and it harmed national sentiments and dignity.
(d)
Due to many incidents of public violence, Gandhiji decided to discontinue the Non-Cooperation Movement, particularly the Chauri Chaura event in 1922, in which people clashed with the police and set a police station on fire. Gandhiji believed that the people were not yet prepared for a widespread uprising and that satyagrahis needed to be properly taught in nonviolent protests.